Laissez-faire economics: Industrialists and their allies championed laissez-faire economics-the idea that the government should stay out of economic activities.The push for women’s suffrage dates back to at least the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention. Nineteenth Amendment: Perhaps the most important reform to come out of the Progressive era was the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution (1920), which gave women the right to vote.Not only were middle-class college graduates the primary activists in the movement, but the tone and tenor of the movement was decidedly middle class. The Progressive Movement: The Progressive movement was essentially a middle-class response to the excesses of rapid industrialization, political corruption, and unplanned urbanization.The revolution soon degenerated into a civil war that left nearly a million Mexicans dead. The revolution began with the ousting of an autocratic leader in 1910. Mexican Revolution: President Woodrow Wilson became enmeshed in the twists and turns of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted through the 1910s.The building of a canal through Panama, therefore, became a major goal for Roosevelt. Merchant ships and naval vessels had to travel around the southern tip of South America to reach the Pacific Ocean. The Panama Canal: With the acquisition of overseas Pacific territories and with increased interest in trade with China, American policymakers wanted a shortcut to Asia. The United States participated in a multinational force to rescue Westerners held hostage by the Boxers (1900). The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxers led a rebellion that resulted in the death of more than 30,000 Chinese converts as well as 250 foreign nuns and approximately 200 Western missionaries.The “open door” policy was begrudgingly accepted by the major powers. The United States claimed to be concerned for the territorial integrity of China, but actually was more interested in gaining a foothold in trade with China. secretary of state John Hay, enunciated this goal in a note to the major powers, asserting an “open door” policy for China. Open Door Policy: The United States asserted that all of China should be open to trade with all nations.In the treaty, Spain agreed to cede the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the United States the United States agreed to pay Spain $20 million for these possessions. The Treaty of Paris: The United States and Spain negotiated the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1898, following the war. Three wars for independence occurred in the final decades of the 19th century (1868–1878, 1879–1880, and 1895–1898).
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